Full Bibliography  

  1. click  abstract to see abstract
     

    Aldana S, Jacobson B, Harris C, Kelley P, Stone W. Influence of a mobile worksite health promotion program on health-care costs. Am J Prev Med 1994;9(6):378-382.abstract

    Aldana S. A six year follow-up of the effect of a worksite health promotion program on health care costs. In press 1996.  abstract

    Aldana S. Financial impact of worksite health promotion and methodological quality of the evidence. Am J Health Promotion; Art of Health Promotion 1998;2(1):1-8.

    Aldana SG. Financial impact of health promotion programs: A comprehensive review of the literature. AJHP 2001;15(5):296-320.

    Alderman M, Melcher L. Occupationally-sponsored, community-provided hypertension group. J Occup Med 1983;25(6):465-470.

    Allaire SH, LaValley MP, Evans SR, et al.  Evidence for decline in disability and improved health among persons aged 55 to 70 years:  The Framingham Heart Study.  Am J Pub Health 1999;89(11):1678-83.

    Amler RW, Dull HB (eds). Closing the gap: The burden of unnecessary illness. Am J Prev Med 1987; 3 (sup5).

    Anderson DR, Whitmer RW, Goetzel RJ, et al. The relationship between modifiable health risks and health care expenditures: A group-level analysis of the HERO database. Am J Health Promotion 2000;15(1):45-52.

    Anthem Health Systems Inc. Staying alive and well at Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Co., Inc. 1993.

    Appel DW, Aldrich TK. Smoking cessation in the elderly. Clinical Gerontologist 2003;19:77-100.

    Association for Worksite Health Promotion. 1999 National Worksite Health Promotion Survey. Northbrook, IL: AWHP, 1999.

    Astin JA, Pelletier KR, Marie A, Haskell WL. Complementary and alternative medicine use among elderly persons: One-year analysis of Blue Shield medical supplement. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences 2000, Vol. 55A, No 1, M4-M9.

Barry P, DeFriese G. Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis of health promotion programs. Am J Health Promotion, 1990;4(6):448-452.

Baun W, Bernacki E, Tsai S. A preliminary investigation: Effect of a corporate fitness program on absenteeism and health care cost. J Occup Med 1986;28(1):18-22. abstract

Bean JF, Vora A, Frontera WR. Benefits of exercise for community-dwelling older adults. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2004; 85(7 Supppl 3): S31-42.

Bellingham R, Johnson D, McCauley M, Mendes T. Projected cost savings from AT&T Communications Total Life Concept (TLC) Process, in Book Projected cost savings from AT&T Communications Total Life Concept (TLC) Process, J.O. (Ed.), Editor. 1987, National Wellness Institute Association Publication: Stevens Point, Wisconsin. p. 35-42.

Bernacki E, Baun W. The relationship of job performance to exercise adherence in a corporate fitness program. J Occup Med 1984;26:529-531.

Bernacki E. Can corporate fitness programs be justified?  Fitness in Business 1987;1:173-174.

Bertera R. The effects of workplace health promotion on absenteeism and employee costs in a large industrial population. Am J Public Health 1990;80(9):1101-1105 abstract

Bertera R. Planning and implementing health promotion in the workplace: A case study of the DuPont company experience. Health Educ Q, 1990;17(3):307-327.

Bertera R, Oehl L, Telepchak J. Self-help versus group approaches to smoking cessation in the workplace: Eighteen-month follow-up and cost analysis. Am J Health Promotion 1990;4(3):187-192.

Bertera R. The effects of behavioral risks on absenteeism and health care costs in the workplace. J Occup Med 1991;33(11):1119-1124.

Bertera R. Behavioral risk factor and illness day changes with workplace health promotion: Two-year results. Am J Health Promotion 1993;7(5):365-373 abstract

Bjurstrom L, Alexiou N. A program of heart disease intervention for public employees. J Occup Med 1978; 20(8):521-531.

Blair S, Smith M, Collingwood T, Reynolds R, Prentice M, Sterling C. Health Promotion for Educators: Impact on absenteeism. Prev Med 1986;15(2):166-175. abstract

Blair S, Piserchia P, Wilbur C, Crowder J. A public health intervention model for work-site health promotion: Impact on exercise and physical fitness in a health promotion plan after 24 months. JAMA 1986;255(7):921-926.

Bly J, Jones R, Richardson J. Impact of worksite health promotion on health care costs and utilization: Evaluation of Johnson & Johnson's Live For Life Program. JAMA 1986;256(23):3235-3240. abstract

Bowne D, Russell M, Morgan J, Optenberg S, Clarke A. Reduced disability and health-care costs in an industrial fitness program. J Occup Med 1984;26(11):809-816 abstract

Brealey R, Myers S. Principles of Corporate Finance. 1991, New York: McGraw-Hill.

Breslow L, Breslow N. Health practices and disability: Some evidence from Alameda County. Prev Med 1993; 22:86-95.

Breslow L, Fielding J, Herman A, Wilbur C. Worksite health promotion: Its evolution and the Johnson & Johnson experience. Prev Med 1994;19:13-21.

Breslow L.  From disease prevention to health promotion.  JAMA 1999;281(11):1030-33.

Brink S. Health Risks & Behavior: The Impact on Medical Costs. Brookfield, WI: Milliman and Robertson, 1987.

Brownell K, Cohen R, Stunkard A, Felix M, Cooley N. Weight loss competitions at the worksite: impact on weight, morale and cost-effectiveness. Am J Pub Health 1984;74(11):1283-1285.

Bunn WB, Baver RS, Ehni TK, Stowers AD, Taylor DD, Holloway AM, Duong D, Pikelny DB, Sotolongo D. Impact of a musculoskeletal disability management program on medical costs and productivity in a large manufacturing company. American Journal of Managed Care 2007:12 special issue, SP27-32.

Burger ML, Murray JF, Xu J, Pauly M. Alternative valuations of work loss and productivity. J Occup Environ Med 2001;43:18-24.

Burton W, Erickson D, Briones J. Women's health programs at the workplace. J Occup Med 1991;33(3):349-350.

Burton W, Hoy D, Stephens M. A computer-assisted health care cost management system. J Occup Med 1991;3(3):268-271.

Burton W, Conti D. Value-managed mental health benefits. J Occup Med 1991;33(3):311-313.

Burton WN, Conti DJ, Chin-Yu C, et al. The role of health risk factors and disease on worker productivity. J Occup & Env Med 1999;41(10):863-877.

Byers T, Mullis R, Anderson J, Dusenbury L, Gorsky R, Kimber C. The cost and effects of a nutritional education program following work-site cholesterol screening. Am J Public Health 1995;85:650-655.

Cady L, Bischoff D, O'Connell E, Thomas R, Allan J. Strength and fitness and subsequent back injuries in firefighters. J Occup Med 1979;21(4):269-272.

Cady L. Program for increasing health and physical fitness of fire fighters. J Occup Med 1985;27(2):110-114. abstract

Chapman L. Proof Positive: analysis of the cost-effectiveness of Worksite Wellness. 1999, Seattle,WA: Summex Corporation. abstract

Chapman L.  Meta-evaluation of worksite health promotion economic return studies:  2005 update.  The Art of Health Promotion, July / August, 2005.

Chapman L. Meta-Evaluation of Worksite Health Promotion Economic Return Studies. Art of Health Promotion, 2003; 6(6).

Chapman, LS, Pelletier KR. Population health management as a strategy for creation of optimal healing environments in worksite and corporate setting. J of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 2004, Vol 10, Supplement 1.

Chernoff R. Nutrition and health promotion in older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2001;56:47-53.

Chez RA, Pelletier KR, Jonas WB. Optimal healing environment. Second annual Samueli Symposium. J of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2004 Supplement.

Christmas C, Andersen RA. Exercise and older patients: guidelines for the clinician. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2001, 48(3):318-324.

Clark PG, Nigg CR, Greene G, Riebe D, Saunders SD; Study of Exercise and Nutrition in Older Rhode Islanders Project Team. The Study of Exercise and Nutrition in Older Rhode Islanders (SENIOR): Translating theory into research. Health Education Research. 2002 Oct;17(5):552-61.

Cockburn IM, Bailit HI, Berndt ER, Finkelstein SN. Loss of work productivity dues to illness and medical treatment. J Occup & Env Med 1999;41(11):948-953.

Commission on Chronic Illness. Chronic Illness in the United States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1957. Breslow, L (ed) Prevention of Chornic Illness; Vol 1.

Conn VS, Minor MA, Burks KJ, Rantz MJ, Pomeroy SH. Integrative review of physical activity intervention research with aging adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51:1159-68.

Conrad K, Riedel J, Gibbs J. Executive Summary. Health promotion: A new direction in health care. Evaluation of four Blue Cross and Blue Shield plans' worksite health promotion programs, in 1988, Health Services Foundation.

Conrad K. Effect of worksite health promotion programs on employee absenteeism. AAOHN 1990;38(12):573-580. abstract

Conti D, Burton W. The economic impact of depression in a workplace. J Occup Med 1994;36:981-983.

Costakis CE, Dunnagan T, Haynes G. The relationship between the stages of exercise adoption and other health behaviors.  American Journal of Health Promotion 1999;14(1):22-30.

Cummins CO, Evers KE, Johnson JL, Paiva A, Prochaska JO, Prochaska JM. Assessing stage of change and informed decision making for Internet participation in health promotion and disease management. Managed Care Interface 2004 ;17(8):27-32.

Daviglus ML, Liu K, Greenland P, et al.  Benefit of a favorable cardiovascular risk-factor profile in middle age with respect to Medicare costs.  N Engl J Med 1998;339(16):1122. abstract

Dennis C, Houston-Miller N, Schwartz R, et al. Early return to work after uncomplicated myocardial infarction: Results of a randomized trial. JAMA 1988;260:214-220.

Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Healthy People: The Surgeon General's Report on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1979. Public Health Services Publication 79-55071.

Department of Health and Human Resources. Healthy People 2000. Washington DC: Department of Health and Human Resources; 1991. Public Health Services Publication 91-502123.

Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Lifetime benefits and costs of intensive therapy as practiced in the diabetes control and complications trial. JAMA 1996;276(17):1409-1514.

Duan N, Manning W, Morris C, et al.  A comparison of alternative models for the demand for medical care. J Business Econ Stat 1983;1:115-26.

Duffy ME, MacDonald E.  Determinants of functional health of older persons. Gerontologist 1990;30(4):503-9. abstract

Edington DW. Emerging research: A view from one research center. AJHP 2001;15(5):341-349.

Edward E, Koblin W, Irvine J, Legare J, Logan A. Small, blue collar work site hypertension screening: a cost effectiveness study. J Occup Med 1994;36:346-355.

Ehsani AA. Exercise in patients with hypertension. American Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 2001;10(5):253-9, 273.

Elias W, Murphy T. The case for health promotion programs containing health care costs: a review of the literature. Am J Occup Ther 1986;40(11):759-763.

Emanuel E. Cost savings at the end of life. JAMA 1996;275(24):1907-1914.

Endicott J, Nee J. Endicott Work Productivity Scale (EWPS): A new measure to assess treatment effects. Pharmacological Bulletin 1997;33:13-16.

Erfurt J, Foote A. Cost-effectiveness of work-site blood pressure control programs. J Occup Med 1984; 26(12):892-900.

Erfurt J, Foote A, Heirich M. Worksite wellness program: Incremental comparison of screening and referral alone, health education follow-up counseling, and plant organization. Am J Health Promotion 1991;5(6):438-448.

Erfurt J, Foote A, Heirich M. The cost-effectiveness of work-site wellness programs for hypertension control, weight loss, and smoking cessation. J Occup Med 1991;33(9):962-970. abstract

Farquhar J, Fortmann S, Flora J, et al. Effects of community wide education on cardiovascular disease risk factors: The Stanford Five-City Project. JAMA 1990;264(3):359-365.

Fielding JE, Piserchia PV. Frequency of worksite health promotion activities, AJPH 1989;798(1):16-20.

Fielding J, Knight K, Mason T, Klesges R, Pelletier K. Evaluation of the IMPACT Blood Pressure Program. J Occup Med 1994;36:743-746.

Fielding JE and Long PV. Increasing use of clinical preventive services among Medicare beneficiaries. Partnership for Prevention, A better Medicare for Healthier Seniors: Recommendations to modernize Medicare. Report funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Washington: 2002.

Finkelstein E, Fiebelkorn C, Wang G. The costs of obesity among full-time employees. American Journal of Health Promotion. 2005;20:45-51.

Flynn MA, Baker AS, Nolph GB, Krause G. Longitudinal study of effects of alcohol use and/or personal exercise on high density lipoprotein cholesterol in aging humans. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging 2002;6(3):167-70.

Foote A, Erftirt J. The benefit-to-cost ratio of worksite blood-pressure control programs. JAMA 1991;265(10): 1283-1286.

Fried LP, Carlson MC, Freedman M, Frick KD, Glass TA, Hill J, et al. A social model for health promotion for an aging population: Initial evidence on the experience corps model. Journal of Urban Health 2004;81:64-78.

Fries J, Levine S, Green L. Health promotion and the compression of morbidity. Lancet 1989;1:481-483.

Fries J, Fries S, Parcell C, Harrington H. Health risk changes with a low-cost individualized health promotion program: effects at up to 30 months. Am J Health Promotion 1992;6(5):364-371. abstract

Fries J, Bloch D, Harrington H, Richardson N, Beck R. Two-year results of a randomized controlled trial of a health promotion program in a retiree population: The Bank of America Study. Am J Med 1993;94(5):455-462. abstract

Fries J, Koop C, Beadle C, Cooper P, England M. Reduction in health care costs by reduction in need and demand for medical services. N Engl J Med 1993;329:321-325.

Fries J, Harrington H, Edwards R, Kent L, Richardson N. Randomized controlled trial of cost reductions from a health education program: The California Public Employees' Retirement System (PERS) Study. Am J Health Promotion 1994;8(3):216-223. abstract

Fries JF.  Exercise and the health of the elderly.  Am J Geriatric Card 1997;6(3):24-32. abstract

Fries JF, Koop CE, Sokolov J, Beadle CE, Wright D.  Beyond health promotion: Reducing need and demand for medical care.  Health Affairs 1998;17(2):70-84. abstract

Fries JF, McShane D. Reducing need and demand for medical services in high-risk persons: A health education approach. West J Med 1998;169:201-208.

Fries JF, Koop CE, Sokolov J, Beadle CE, Wright D. Beyond health promotion: Reducing health care costs by reducing need and demand for health care.  Health Affairs, 1998;17:70-84.

Fries JF. Reducing disability in older age. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 2002;288(24): 3164.

Fuchs V. Economics, values, and health care reform. The American Economic Review 1996;86(1):1-24.

Galloway MT, Jokl P. Aging successfully: the importance of physical activity in maintaining health and function. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2000;8(1):37-44.

Gettman L. Cost-benefit analysis of a corporate fitness program. Fitness in Business 1986;1:11-17.

Gibson TB, Ozminkowski RJ, Goetzel RZ.  The Effects of Prescription Drug Cost-Sharing: A Review of the Evidence.  American Journal of Managed Care, 11:11, November 2005, 730-740.

Gibbs J, Mulvaney D, Henes C, Reed R. Worksite health promotion: Five-year trend in employee health care costs. J Occup Med 1985;27(11):826-830. abstract

Goetzel R, Sepulveda M, Knight K, et al. Association of IBM's "A Plan for Life" health promotion program with changes in emplyees' health risk status. J Occup Med 1994;36:1005-1009.

Goetzel RZ, Kahr TY, Aldana SG, Kenny GM. An evaluation of Duke University's Live For Life health promotion program and its impact on employee health. AJHP 1996;10(5):340-342.

Goetzel RZ, Anderson DR, Whitmer RW, et al.  The relationship between modifiable health risks and health care expenditures. An analysis of the multi-employer HERO health risk and cost database.  JOEM 1998;40(10):843-54. abstract

Goetzel R, Dunn R, Ozminkowski R, et al. Differences between descriptive and multivariate estimates of the impact of Chevron Corporation's Health Quest program on medical expenditures. J Occup & Env Med 1998;40:538-545.

Goetzel R, Jacobsen B, Aldana S, et al. Health care costs of worksite health promotion participants and non-participants. J Occup & Env Med 1998;40:341-346.

Goetzel RZ, Juday TR, Ozminkowski RJ. What's the ROI? - A systematic review of return on investment (ROI) studies of corporate health and productivity management inititatives. AHWP's Worksite Health, Summer 1999.

Goetzel RZ, Ozminkowski RJ. Disease management as a part of total health and productivity management. Disease Management and Health Outcomes 2000;8:121-128.

Goetzel RZ, Ozminkowski RJ, Meneades L, Stewart M, Schutt DC. Pharmaceuticals - cost or investment? An employer's perspective. J Occup & Env Med 2000;42(4):338-351.

Goetzel, R.Z.  An Introduction to the Employer Perspective Section of the Special Issue of the American Journal of Health Promotion.  A Corporate Perspective: Reflections from the Economic Buyer of Health Promotion Programs.  American Journal of Health Promotion, May/June, 2001, 15:5.

Goetzel, R.Z.  The Financial Impact of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Programs – Why Is It So Hard to Prove Value?  American Journal of Health Promotion, May/June, 2001, 15:5.

Goetzel RZ, Guindon AM, Turshen J, Ozminkowski RJ. Health and productiviy management: Establishing key performance measures, benchmarks, and best practices. J Occup Environ Med 2001;43:10-17.

Goetzel RZ, Ozminkowski RJ, Asciutto AJ, et al. Survey of Koop Award Winners: Life-Cycle Insights. The Art of Health Promotion May/June 2001;5(2).

Goetzel, R.Z., Ozminkowski, R.J., Bruno, J.A., Rutter, K.R., Isaac, F., and Wang, S.  The Long Term Impact of Johnson & Johnson’s Heath & Wellness Program on Employee Health Risks.  Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 44:5, May 2002, 417-424.

Goetzel, R.Z., Ozminkowski, R.J., Sederer, L.I., and Mark, T.L Working With Depression, Part I: The Case for Quality Mental Health Services.  Business and Health, August 1, 2002,

Goetzel, R.Z., Ozminkowski, R.J., Sederer, L.I., and Mark, T.L Working with Depression, Part II: Finding and Funding Effective Treatment.  Business and Health, August 1, 2002.

Goetzel, R.Z., Ozminkowski, R.J., Sederer, L.I., and Mark, T.L.  The Business Case for Quality Mental Health Services: Why Employers Should Care About the Health and Well-Being of Their Employees.  Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 44:4, April 2002, 320-330.

Goetzel, R.Z., Hawkins, K, Ozminkowski, R.J., Wang, S.  The Health and Productivity Cost Burden of the “Top 10” Physical and Mental Health Conditions Affecting Six Large U.S. Employers in 1999.  Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 45:1, 5-14, January 2003.

Goetzel R.Z., Ozminkowski RJ, Long SR.  Development and Reliability Analysis of the Work Productivity Short Inventory (WPSI) Instrument Measuring Employee Health and Productivity.  Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 45:7, July 2003, 743-762.

Goetzel, R.Z. Policy and Practice Working Group Background Paper.  Examining the Value of Integrating Occupational Health and Safety and Health Promotion Programs in the Workplace.  Steps to a Healthier US Workforce Symposium.  NIOSH.  Washington, DC, October 26, 2004.

Goetzel R.Z. Long S.R., Ozminkowski R.J., Hawkins K., Wang S., Lynch W.  Health, absence, disability and presenteeism cost estimates of certain physical and mental health conditions affecting U.S. employers.  Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, April 2004; 46:4, 398-412.

Goetzel RZ.  Better outcomes through health and productivity management.  Managed Care. 2005 Oct;14(10 Suppl):28-36; discussion 36-7.

Goetzel, R.Z., Ozminkowski, R.O., Baase, C.M., Billotti, G.M.  Estimating the Return-on-Investment From Changes in Employee Health Risks on the Dow Chemical Company’s Health Care Costs.  Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.  47:8, 759-768, August 2005.

Goetzel RZ, Ozminkowski RJ. Commentary: What’s Holding You Back: Why Should (or Shouldn’t) Employers Invest in Health Promotion Programs for Their Workers? NC Med J 2006; 67(6): 420-430.

Goetzel, RZ, Ozminkowski RH.  Integrating to Improve Productivity. J of Employee Assistance, 2006; 36(4).

Goetzel RZ, Shechter D, Ozminkowski RJ, Marmet PF, Tabrizi MJ, and Roemer EC. Promising Practices in Employer Health and Productivity Management Efforts: Findings From a Benchmarking Study.  JOEM 2007; 49(2): 111-130.

Goetzel RG, Shechter D, Ozminkowski RJ, Reyes M, Marmet PF, Tabrizi M, Chung Roemer E.  Critical success factors to employer health and productivity management efforts:  Findings from a benchmarking study.  Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (in press).

Golaszewski T, et al. The relationship between retrospective health insurance claims and a health risk appraisal-generated measure of health status. J Occup Med 1989;31:262-264.

Golaszewski T, Snow D, Lynch W, Yen L, Solomita D. A benefit-to-cost analysis of a worksite health promotion program. J Occup Med 1992;34(12):1164-1172. abstract

Gold DB, Anderson DR, Serxner SA. Impact of a telephone-based intervention in the reduction of health risks. AJHP 2000;15(2):97-106.

Goulding MR, Rogers ME, Smith SM. (2003). Public health and aging: Trends in aging—United States and worldwide. Journal of the American Medical Association, 289(11): 1371-1373.

Graboys T, Biegelsen B, Lamport S. Half of all angiographies are unnecessary. JAMA 1992;268:2537-2540.

Grana J. Weighing the costs and benefits of worksite health promotion. Corporate Commentary 1985;1(5):18-19.

Greco P, Schulman K, Lavisso-Mourey R, Flaschen JH. The patient self-determination act and the future of advance directives. Ann Intern Men 1991;115:639-643.

Greenberg PE, Finkelstein SN, Berndt ER. Economic consequences of illness in the workplace. Sloan Management Review Summer 1995;36(4):26.

Greenwood M, Henritz J. Coorscreen: A low-cost, on-site mammography screening program. Am J Health Promotion 1996;10(5):364-370.

Harris J. Northern Telecom: A million dollar medically based program in a rapidly changing high tech environment. Am J Health Promotion 1986;1(1):50-59, 84.

Harris JS, Fries JF. The health effects of health promotion. In O'Donnell M (ed) Health Promotion in the Workplace (3rd Edition). Albany, NY: Delmar Press, a division of Thomson Learning, 2001.

Harvey M, Whitmer R, Hilyer J, Brown K. The impact of a comprehensive medical benefit cost management program for the City of Birmingham: Results at five years. Am J Health Promotion 1993;7(4):296-303 abstract

Haskell W, Aldermann E, Fair J, et al. Beneficial angiographic and clinic response to multifactor modification in the Stanford Coronary Risk Intervention Project (SCRIP). Circulation 1991;84(4):140.

Heaney CA, Goetzel RZ. A review of health-related outcomes of multi-component worksite health promotion programs. AJHP 1997;11(30):290-308.

Hebert J, Harris D, Sorensen G, Stoddard A, Hunt M, Morris D. A worksite nutrition intervention: Its effects on the consumption of cancer-related nutrients. Am J Public Health 1993;83(3):391-394.

Hedlund J, Christenson B, Lundbergh P, Örtqvist Å. Effects of a large-scale intervention with influenza and 23-valent pneumococcal vaccines in elderly people: A 1-year follow up. Vaccine 2003;21:3906-11.

Heffler S, Smith S, Keehan S, et al. (2004) Health spending projections through 2013. Health Affairs, 11 February 2004, content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/abstract/hlthaff.w4.79 (12 February 2004).

Heirich M, Foote A, Erfurt J, Konopka B. Worksite physical fitness programs: comparing the impact of different program designs on cardiovascular risks. J Occup Med 1993;35:510-517.

Henritze J, Brammell H. Phase H cardiac wellness at the Adolph Coors Company. Am J Health Promotion 1989;4(1):25-31. abstract

Henritze J, Brammell H, McGloin J. LIFECHECK: A successful, low touch, low tech, in-plant, cardiovascular disease risk identification and modification program. Am J Health Promotion 1992;7(2):129-136. abstract

Herzlinger R, Schwartz J. How companies tackle health care costs: Parti. Harvad Business Review (July-August) 1985;63(4):69-81.

Himes C.  Assessing America’s health risks: How well are Medicare’s clinical preventive services benefits serving America’s seniors? How will the next generation of preventive medical treatments be incorporated and promoted in the health care system?  : Hearings before the Subcommittee on Health of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce, 107th Congress, 2nd Session (May 23, 2002).

Hodgson T. Cigarette smoking and lifetime medical expenditures. Milbank Q 1992;70(1):81-115.

Hoffman C, Rice D, Sungh H. Persons with chronic conditions. JAMA 1996;276(18):1473-1479.

Hollander R, Lengermann J. Corporate characteristics and worksite health promotion programs: Survey findings from Fortune 500 companies. Soc Sci Med 1988;26:491-501.

Holzbach R, Piserchia P, McFadden D, Hartwell T, Herrmann A, Fielding J. Effort of a comprehensive health promotion program on employee attitudes. J Occup Med 1990;32(10):973-978.

Hunter GR, McCarthy JP, Mamman MM. Effects of resistance training on older adults. Sports Medicine 2004;34:329-48.

Iglehart J. Health policy report: The American health care system-managed care. N Engl J Med 1992;327(10): 742-747.

Jee D, O'Donnell M, Suh I, Kim I. Impact of modifiable health risks on future medical care cost expenditures: The Korea Medical Insurance Coporation (KMIC) study. AJHP 2001;15:244-255.

Jeffery R, Forster J, French S, et al. The healthy worker project: A work-site intervention for weight control and smoking cessation. Am J Public Health 1993;83(3):395-401.

Jeffery R. Effects of work-site health promotion on illness-related absenteeism. J Occup Med 1993;35(11):1142-1146. abstract

Jensen GL, Roy MA, Buchanan AE, Berg MB. Weight loss intervention for obese older women: improvements in performance and function. Obesity Research. 2004;12(11):1814-20.

Johnson & Johnson, 1989. Customer advisory board survey results. Unpublished manuscript, Santa Monica, CA: Johson & Johnson Health Management, Inc.

Jones R, Biy J, Richardson J. A study of work-site health promotion programs and absenteeism. J Occup Med 1990;32(2):95-99. abstract

Jose W, Anderson D, Haight S. The StayWell strategy for health care cost containment. Health Promotion Evaluation: Measuring the Organizational Impact., ed. J.O. (Ed.). 1987, Stevens Point, Wisconsin: National Wellness Institute/Association. 15-34.

Kaman R. Costs and benefits of corporate health promotion. Fitness in Business 1987;2(2):39-44.

Kaman R, Huckaby I Justification of employee fitness programs: Cost versus benefit. Fitness in Business 1988;3(3):90-95.

Kessler RD, Greenberg PEm Mickelson KD, et al. The effects of chronic medical conditions on work loss and work cutback. J Occup Environ Med 2001;43:218-225.

King, A, Rejeski J, Buchner, D. Physical activity interventions targeting older adults: A critical review and recommendations. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 1998;15(4): 316-333.

King A.  Interventions to promote physical activity by older adults.  Journals of Gerontology: Series A. 2001: 56A (special issue II): 36-46.

Knight K. A evaluation of Duke University's LIVE FOR LIFE health promotion program on changes in worker absenteeism. J Occup Med 1994;36(5):533-534. abstract

Knight K, Goetzel R, Fielding J, et al. An evaluation of Duke University's LIVE FOR LIFE health promotion program on changes in worker absenteeism. J Occup Med 1994;36:533-536.

Knight S, Bermingham MA, Mahajan D. Regular non-vigorous physical activity and cholesterol levels in the elderly. Gerontology 1999; 45(4):213-9.

Knoops KT, de Groot LC, Kromhout D, et al. Mediterranean diet, lifestyle factors, and 10-year mortality in elderly European men and women.  Journal of the American Medical Association 2004;292:1433-9.

Koffman, DM, Molloy, M, Agin L, and Sokler L.  Reducing the Risk of Heart Disease and Stroke: A Six Step Guide for Employers. Published by the Center for Disease Control.

Koffman DMM, Goetzel, RZ, Anwuri VV, Shore KK, Orenstein D, and LaPier T. Heart Healthy and Stroke Free Successful Business Strategies to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease. Am J Prev Med 2005;29(5S1), 113-121.

Kogan M, Alexander G, Kotelchuck M, Nagey D. Relation of the content of prenatal care to the risk of low birth weight. JAMA 1994;271(17):1340-1345.

Kokkinos PF, Narayan P, Papademetriou V. Exercise as hypertension therapy. Cardiology Clinics 2001;19(3):507-16.

Komitzer M, Backer GD, Dramaix M, Thilly C. The Belgian Heart Disease Prevention Project: Modification of the Coronary Risk Profile in an industrial population. Circulation 1980;61(1):18-25.

Koopman C, Pelletier KR, Murray JF, Sharda CE, berger ML, Turpin RS, Hackleman P, Gibson P, Holmes DM, Bendell T. Stanford presenteeism scale: health status and employee productivity. J. Occup Environ Med. 2002 (44) 1.

Kronenfeld J, Jackson K, Blair S, et al. Evaluating Health Promotion: A longitudinal Quasi-experimental design. Health Educ Q(Summer) 1987;14(2):123-139.

Lakdawalla DN, Goldman DP, Shang B. The health and cost consequences of obesity among the future elderly. Health Aff (Millwood). 2005;24 Suppl 2:W5R30-41.

Leaf A, Ryan T. Prevention of coronary artery disease: A medical imperative. N Engl J Med 1990;323(20):1416-1419.

Leigh J, Fries J. Health habits, health care use, and costs in a sample of retirees. Inquiry 1992;29:44-54.

Leigh J, Richardson N, Beck R, et al. Randomized controlled trial of a senior health promotion program: The Bank of America Study. Arch Intern Med 1992;152(6):1201-1206. abstract

Lerner D, Amick BC, Rogers WH, et al. The Work Limitations Questionnaire. Med Care 2001;39:72-85.

Leutzinger JA, Ozminkowski RJ, Dunn RL, Goetzel RZ, Richling DE, et al. Projecting health care costs using four scenarios of lifestyle risk rates. Am J Health Promotion 2000;15(1):35-44.

Liberman SM, Lee J, Anderson T, et al. Reducing the growth of Medicare spending: Geographic versus patient-based strategies.”  Health Affairs Web Exclusive.  10 December 2003.  DOI 10.1377/hlthaff.W3.603, W3-603-613.

Locke S, KowaloffH, Hoff R, et al. Computer-based interview for screening blood donors for risk ofHIV transmission. JAMA 1992;268(10):1301-1305.

Lord SR, Castell S, Corcoran J, Dayhew J, Matters B, Shan A, et al. The effect of group exercise on physical functioning and falls in frail older people living in retirement villages:  A randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51:1685-92.

Lorig K, Kraines R, Brown B, Richardson N. A workplace health education program that reduces out-patient visits. Med Care 1985;23(9):1044-1054.

Lorig K, Mazonson P, Holman H, Evidence suggesting that health education for self-management in patients with chronic arthritis has sustained health benefits while reducing health care costs. Arthritis Rheum 1993;36(4): 439-446.

Lorig KR, Sobel DS, Stewart AL, et al.  Evidence suggesting that a chronic disease self-management program can improve health status while reducing hospitalization. A randomized trial.  Medical Care 1999;37(1):5-14. abstract

Lubitz J, Beebe J, Baker C.  Longevity and Medicare expenditures.  N Engl J Med 1995;332(15):999-1003. abstract

Lubitz J, Cai L, Kramarow E, et al.  Health, life expectancy, and health care spending among the elderly.  New England Journal of Medicine, 2003; 349; 11, 1048-1055.

Luskin F, Reitz M, Newell K, Quinn TG, Haskell W. A controlled pilot study of stress management training of elderly patients with congestive heart failure. Preventive Cardiology 2002;5:168-172.

Lynch W, Golaszewski T, Clearie A, Snow D, Vickery D. Impact of a facility-based corporate fitness program on the number of absences from work due to illness. J Occup Med 1990;32(9):9-12.abstract

Lynch W, Teitelbaum H, Main D. The inadequacy of using means to compare medical costs of smokers and nonsmokers. Am J Health Promotion 1991;6(2):123-129.

Lynch WD, Chikamoto Y, Imai K, Lin TF, Kenkel DS, Ozminkowski RJ, Goetzel RZ.  "The association between health risks and medical expenditures in a Japanese corporation."  American Journal of Health Promotion, 19:3, 238-248, January/February, 2005.

Maccoby N, Farquhar J, Wood P, Alexander J. Reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease: Effects of a community based campaign on knowledge and behavior. J Community Health 1977;23:100-114.

Manning W, Keeler E, Newhouse J, Sloss E, Wassermann J. The costs of poor health habits. 1991, Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 223.

Manuso J. The Equitable Life Assurance Society Program. Prev Med 1983;12(12):658-662.

Matson Koffman DM, Goetzel RZ, Anwuri VV, Shore KK, Orenstein D, LaPier T. Heart Healthy and Stroke Free:  Successful Business Strategies to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease.  American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2005:29 (5S1), 113-121.

McGinnis J. Trends in disease prevention: Assessing the benefits of prevention. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 1980;56(1):38-44.

McGinnis J, Foege W. Actual causes of death in the United States.  JAMA 1993;270(19):2207-2212.

McGinnis MJ. Does proof matter? Why strong evidence sometimes yields weak action. AJHP;15(5):391-396.

Messer J, Stone W. Worksite fitness and health promotion benefit-cost analysis: A tutorial, review of literature, and assessment of the state of the art. AWHP'S Worksite Health 1995;Summer 1995:34-43.

Metz RD, Nelson CF, LaBrot T, Pelletier KR. Chiropractic care: Is it substitution care of add-on care in corporate medical plans? JOEM 2004 (46)8.

Milliman and Robertson Inc. Analysis of medically unnecessary health care consumption. 1991. 8: p. 1-2. (Original available from Milliman and Robertson, Inc., Suite 3800, 1301 Fifth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101-2605 (206-624-7490)

Milliman & Robertson, Inc. and Control Data. Health Risks and Behavior: The Impact on Medical Costs, 1987.

Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, et al. (2004) Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000, The Journal of the American Medical Association, 291: 1238 - 1245. 

Montejano L, Goetzel RZ, Ozminkowski RJ.  “Impact of bipolar disorder on Employers:  Rationale for Workplace Interventions.”  Disease Management and Health Outcomes.  2005; 13(4): 267-280.

Moore S, Logerfo J, Inui T. Effect of a self-care book on physician visits. JAMA 1980;243:2317-2320.

Murphy R, Elias W, Gasparotto G, Huset R. Cost-benefit analysis in worksite health promotion evaluation. Fitness in Business 1987;2(1):15-19.

National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Unrealized Prevention Opportunities: Reducing the Health and Economic Burden of Chronic Disease. 1997, March, Atlanta, GA: CDC.

O'Donnell M. Design of workplace health promotion programs. Am J Health Promotion 1986:4-5.

O'Donnell, M. Definition of health promotion: Part III. Am J Health Promotion 1989;3(3):5.

O'Donnell M. Employer's financial perspective on workplace health promotion. In O'Donnell M. (ed.) Health Promotion in the Workplace (3rd edition), Albany, NY, Delmar Press, a division of Thomson Learning, 2001.

Omenn GS. (2003). Historical and Current Policy Issues in Establishing Coverage For Clinical Preventive Services Under Medicare. In A Better Medicare for Healthier Seniors: Recommendations to Modernize Medicare's Prevention Policies. Washington, DC: Partnership for Prevention.

Ozminkowski RJ, Dunn FL, Goetzel RZ, et al.  A return on investment evaluation of the Citibank, N.A., health management program.  Am J Health Promotion 1999;14(1):31-43.abstract

Ozminkowski RJ, Goetzel RZ, Smith MW, Cantor RI, Shaughnessy A, Harrison M. The impact of the Citibank, N.A. Health management program onchanges in employee health risks over time. J Occup & Env Med 2000;42(5):502-511.

Ozminkowski RJ, Goetzel RZ. Getting closer to the truth: Overcoming research challenges when estimating the financial impact of worksite health promotion programs. AJHP May/June 2001;15(5).

Ozminkowski, R.J., Ling, D., Goetzel, R.Z., Bruno, J.A., Rutter, K.R., Isaac, F., and Wang, S.  The Long Term Impact of Johnson & Johnson’s Heath & Wellness Program on Health Care Utilization and Expenditures.  Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 44:1, January 2002, 21-29.

Ozminkowski RJ, Goetzel R.Z., Long SR.  A Validity Analysis of the Work Productivity Short Inventory (WPSI) Instrument Measuring Employee Health and Productivity.  Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 45:11, November 2003, 1183-1195.

Ozminkowski RJ, Goetzel RZ, Chang S, Long S.  “The application of two health and productivity instruments at a large employer.”  Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 46(7), 635-648, July 2004.

Ozminskowski RJ, Goetzel RZ, Santora J, Saenz B, Eley C, and Gorsky B. Estimating Risk Reduction Required to Break Even in a Health Promotion Program. Amer J Health Promotion 2004;18(4): 316-325.

Ozminkowski RJ, Burton WN, Goetzel RZ, Maclean R, Wang S.  The impact of rheumatoid arthritis on medical expenditures, absenteeism, and short-term disability benefits.  Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 48(2):135-148, 2006.

Ozminkowski RJ, Goetzel RZ, Wang F, Gibson TB, Shechter D, Musich S, Bender J, Edington DW.  The Savings Gained From Participation in Health Promotion Programs for Medicare Beneficiaries. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2006 Nov;48(11):1125-1132.

Pelletier K. A review and analysis of health and cost-effective outcome studies of comprehensive health promotion and disease prevention programs. Am J Health Promotion 1991;5(4):311-313.

Pelletier K. A review and analysis of the health and cost-effective outcome studies of comprehensive health promotion and disease prevention programs at the worksite: 1991-1993 Update. Am J Health Promotion 1993;8(1):50-62.

Pelletier K. A review and analysis of the health and cost-effective outcome studies of comprehensive health promotion and disease prevention programs at the worksite: 1993-1995 Update. Am J Health Promotion 1996;10(5):380-388.

Pelletier KR.  Clinical and cost outcomes of multifactorial cardiovascular risk management interventions in worksites:  A comprehensive review and analysis.  JOEM 1997;39(12):1154-68.abstract

Pelletier K.  A review and analysis of the clinical and cost-effectiveness studies of comprehensive health promotion and disease management programs at the worksite: 1995-1998 update (IV). Am J Health Promot 1999;13(6):333-345.

Pelletier K.  ROI Resesarch and worksite health promotion.  Am J Health Promot 1999;14(1):44-45.

Pelletier K.  A review and analysis of the clinical-and cost-effectiveness studies of comprehensive health promotion and disease prevention programs at the worksite: 1998-2000 update.  American Journal of Health Promotion, 2001; 16:2, 107-116.

Pelletier K. Conventional and integrative medicine - evidence based? Sorting Fact from Fiction Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies. March 2003,

Pelletier, K. Mind-body medicine in ambulatory care: An evidence-based assessment. J of Ambulatory Care Management. Jan-Mar 2004, (27)1.

Pelletier K. International collaboration in health promotion and disease management: Implications of U.S. health promotion efforts on Japan's health care system. American Journal of Health Promotion, 2005 (19)3 Supplement.

Penedo FJ, Dahn JR, Molton I, Gonzalez JS, Kinsinger D, Roos BA, et al. Cognitive-behavioral stress management improves stress-management skills and quality of life in men recovering from treatment of prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2004;100:192-200.

Penedo FJ, Schneiderman N, Dahn JR, et al. Physical activity interventions in the elderly: Cancer and comorbidity. Cancer Investigation 2004; 22(1):51-67.

Picard M, Dennis C, Schwartz R, et al. Cost-benefit analysis of early return to work after uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiology 1989;63:1308-1324.

Pilote L, Thomas R, Dennis C, et al. Return to work after uncomplicated myocardial infarction: A randomized clinical trial of practice guidelines in a community setting. Ann Intern Men 1992;117:383-389.

Pronk NP, Goodman MJ, O'Connor PJ, Martinson BC. Relationship between modifiable health risks and short-term health care changes. JAMA 1999;292(23):2359-39.

Reed R, Mulvaney D, Billingham R, Skinner T. Health promotion service evaluation and impact study, Project Report, in . 1986, Wellness Resource Center, Blue Cross Blue Shield of Indiana: Indiana.

Reed DM, Foley DJ, White LR, et al.  Predictors of health aging in men with high life expectancies.  Am J Public Health 1998;88(10):1463-68.abstract

Reilly MC, Zbrozek AS, Dukes EM. The validity and reproducibility of a work producivity impairment instrument. PharmacoEcon 1993;4:353-365.

Rizzo J. A., Ozminkowski, R.J., Goetzel R.Z. Prescription to Over-the-Counter Switching of Drugs: Methodological Issues and Implications for Non-Sedating Antihistamines. Disease Management & Health Outcomes. 2005, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 83-92(10).

Roberts C, Imprey P, Turner J, Hosokawa M, Alster J. Reducing physician visits for colds through consumer education. JAMA, 1983: p.1986-1989.

Rogers R, Eaton E, Bruhn J. Is health promotion cost effective?  Prev Med 1981;10:324-339.

Rogers R.  Sociodemographic characteristics of long-lived and health individuals.  Population and Development Review 1995;21(1):33.

Rogers T, Cole J, Erwin P. Heart at work: Cost-benefit analysis of a new worksite health promotion program, in Seventh Annual Meeting of the Society of Behavioral Medicine. 1986. San Francisco.

Rose G, Heller R, Pedoe H, Christie D. Heart disease prevention project: a randomized controlled trial in industry. BJM 1980;280(6216):747-751.

Rosen R, Berger L. The Healthy Company: Eight strategies to develop people, productivity, and profits. 1991, Los Angeles: J.P.  Tarcher

Ross MC, Bohannon AS, Davis DC, Gurchiek L. The effects of a short-term exercise program on movement, pain, and mood in the elderly. Results of a pilot study. Journal of Holistic Nursing. 1999 Jun;17(2):139-47.

Rowe JW.  Geriatrics, prevention, and the remodeling of Medicare.  Editorial, N Engl J Med 1999;340(9):720-21.

Salina D, Jason L, Heckker D, Kaufman J, Lesondak L, McMahon S. A follow-up of a media-based, worksite smoking cessation program.  Am J Commun Psychol 1994;22:257-261.

Schnelle JF, Kapur K, Alessi C, Osterweil D, Beck JG, Al-Samarrai NR, et al. Does an exercise and incontinence intervention save healthcare costs in a nursing home population? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51:161-68.

Sciacca J, Seehafer R, Reed R, Mulvaney D. The impact of participation in health promotion on medical costs: A reconsideration of the Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Indiana study. Am J Health Promotion 1993;7(5):374-395.abstract

Seeman TE, McEwen BS, Rowe JW, et al. Allostatic load as a marker of cumulative biological risk: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2001 Apr 10; 98(8):4770–5.

Shalowitz M, Heaton A. Cost effectiveness of risk reduction: The managed care perspective. Am J Med 1996;101:4A-71S - 4A-75S.

Shephard R, Corey P, Rueziand P, Cox M. The influence of an employee fitness program and lifestyle modification program upon medical care costs. Can J Public Health 1982;73:259-263.abstract

Shephard R. The Economic Benefits of Enhanced Fitness. 1986, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.

Shephard R. Current perspectives on the economics of fitness and sport with particular reference to worksite programs. Sports Med 1989;7:286-309.

Shephard R. A critical analysis of worksite fitness programs and their postulated economic benefits. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992;24(3):354-370.

Shephard R. Twelve years experience of a fitness program for the Salaried Employees of a Toronto Life Assurance Company. Am J Health Promotion 1992;6(4):292-301.abstract

Shephard R. Exercise and reduced health-care costs: a substantial dividend of primary preventive programs. J Cardiopulmonary Rehabil 1994;14:161-165.

Shi L. A cost-benefit analysis of California county's back injury prevention program. Public Health Rep 1993;108(2):204-211.

Shi L. Worksite health promotion and changes in medical care use and sick days. J Health Behav Educ Promot 1993;17:9-17.

Shi L. Health promotion, medical care use, and costs in a sample of worksite employees. Eval Rev 1993;12:475-487.

Shipley R, Orleans C, Wilbur C. Effect of the Johnson & Johnson Live for Life Program on employee smoking. Prev Med 1988;17:25-34.

Shore G, Prasad P, Zrobak M. Metrofit: A cost-effective fitness program. Fitness in Business 1989;4:147-153.

Smith S. Symposium on coronary and other vascular disease. Guest commentary. Am J Med 1996;101:4A-5S.

Sobel D. Rethinking medicine: Improving health outcomes with cost-effective psychosocial interventions. Psychosom Med 1995;57:234-244.

Solomon B. Consensus on wellness programs. Personnel 1985. November: 76-82.

Somers A. Sounding Board: Why not try preventing illness as a way of controlling Medicare costs? New Engl J Med 1984;311(13):853-856.

Sorensen G, Morris D, Hunt M. Work-site nutrition intervention and employees' dietary habits: The treatwell program. Am J Public Health 1992;82(6):877-880.

Spilman M, Goetz A, Schultz J, Bellingham R, Johnson D. Effects of a corporate health promotion program. J Occup Med 1986;28(4):285-289.abstract

Stear S. Health and fitness series--1. The importance of physical activity for health. Journal of Family Health Care. 2003;13(1):10-3.

Stokols D, Pelletier KR, Fielding JE.  Integration of medical care and worksite health promotion.  JAMA 1995;273(14):1136-42.

Taylor AH, Cable NT, Faulkner G, Hillsdon M, Narici M, Van Der Bij AK. Physical activity and older adults: a review of health benefits and the effectiveness of interventions. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2004 Aug;22(8):703-25.

Taylor DH, Hasselblad V, Henley J, Thun MJ, Sloan FA. Benefits of smoking cessation for longevity. American Journal of Public Health 2002;92:990-96.

Terborg I Cost-benefit analysis of the Adolph Coors Wellness Program. Unpublished report, in . 1988, University of Oregon College of Business Administration,: Eugene, OR.

Thomas, P., Goetzel, R.Z., Ozminkowski, R.J., Kassabian V.S., Schutt, D.C. “If Men Won’t Go To Doctors…”  Business and Health, June 19, 2002.

Thomas, P., Goetzel, R.Z., Ozminkowski, R.J., Kassabian, V.S., and Schutt, D.C.  Results of a Man’s Urological Health Screening Program at Lockheed Martin Aeronautical Systems.  Disease Management and Health Outcomes, 2003, 11:3, 181-189.

Tidwell L, Holland SK, Greenberg J, Malone J, Mullan J, Newcomer R. Community-based nurse health coaching and its effect on fitness participation.  Lippincotts Case Management 2004;9(6):267-79.

Towers A, Kishchuk N, Sylvestre M, Peters C, Bourgault C. A qualitative investigation of organizational issues in an alcohol awareness program for blue-collar workers. Am J Health Promot 1994;9:56-64.

Tsai S, Baun W, Bemacki E. Relationship of employee turnover to exercise adherence in a corporate fitness program. J Occup Med 1987;29:572-575.

Tsai S, Bernacki E, Baun W. Injury prevalence and associated costs among participants of an employee fitness program. Prev Med 1988;17:475-482.

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated national spending on prevention - United States, 1988, MMWR 1992;41:529-531.

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, 2nd Edition. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1996, 119-134.

Van Roijen L, Essink-Bot ML, Koopmanschap MA et al. Labor and health status in economic evaluation of health care. The Health and Labor Questionnaire. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 1996;12:405-415.

vanVonno, CJ, Ozminkowski RJ, Smith MW, Thomas EG, Kelley D, Goetzel RZ, Berg GD, Jain SK, Walker DR.  What Can a Pilot Congestive Heart Failure Disease Management Program Tell Us about Likely Return on Investment?  A Case Study from a Program Offered to Federal Employees.  Disease Management, Dec 2005, Vol. 8, No. 6: 346-360.

Vickery D, Kalmer H, Lowry D, Constantine M, Wright E, Lorea E. Effect of a self-care education program on medical visits. JAMA 1983;250:2952-2956.

Vickery D, Golaszewski T, Wright E, Kalmer H. The effect of self-care interventions on the use of medical service within a Medicare population. Med Care 1988;26:580-588.

Vickery D, Golaszewski T, Wright C, Kalmer H. A preliminary study on the timeliness of ambulatory care utilization following medical self-care interventions. Am J Health Promotion 1989;3(3):26-31.

Vickery D, Lynch W. Demand management: Enabling patients to use medical care appropriately. JOEM 1995;37(5):1-7.abstract

Vita AJ, Terry RB, Hubert HB, Fries JF.  Aging, health risks, and cumulative disability. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1035-41.abstract

Wachtel T. The connection between health promotion and health-care costs: does it matter? Am J Med 1993;94:451-454.

Warner K. Selling health promotion to corporate America: Uses and abuses of the economic argument. Health Educ Q 1987;14(1):39-55.

Warner K, Wickizer T, Wolfe R, Schildroth J, Samuelson M. Economic implications of workplace health promotion programs: Review of the literature. J Occup Med 1988;30(2):106-112.

Warner K, Smith R, Smith D, Fries B. Health and economic implications of a work-site smoking-cessation program: A simulation analysis. JOEM 1996;38(10):981-992.abstract

Washington Business Group on Health. The Employer's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services - Recommendations for the Appropriate Delivery of More than 200 Preventive Services.

Wasson J, Gaudette C, Whaley F, Sauvigne A, Baribeau P, Welch H. Telephone care as a substitute for routine clinic follow-up. JAMA 1992;267(13):1788-1793.

Wennberg JE. Understanding geographic variations in health care delivery. N Engl J Med 1999;340(1):52.3

Wheat J, Graney M, Schachtman R, Ginn G, Patrick D, Hulka B. Does workplace health promotion decrease medical claims? Am J Prev Med 1992;8:110-114.

Whitmer R. The city of Birmingham's wellness partnership contains medical costs. Business & Health (March) 1992;10(7):60-66.

Whitmer RW, Pelletier KR, Anderson DR, Baase CM, Frost GJ. A wake-up call for corporate America. JOEM, 2003 (45) 9.

Wilson M, Edmunson J, DeJoy D. Cost-effectiveness of work-site cholesterol screening and intervention programs. J Occup Med 1992;34(6):642-649.

Wilson M, Holman P, Hammock A. A comprehensive review of the effects of worksite health promotion on health related outcomes. AJHP 1996;10(6):429-435.

Wood E. An evaluation of the TriHealthalon Program after one year at General Mills, Inc, in Book An evaluation of the TriHealthalon Program after one year at General Mills, Inc, J.P. Opatz, Editor. 1987, National Wellness Institute.

Wood E, Olmstead G, Craig J. An evaluation of lifestyle risk factors and absenteeism after two years in a worksite health promotion program. Am J Health Promotion 1989;4(2):128-133.abstract

World Health Organization. Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. Copenhagen, Denmark: World Health Organization, European Regional Office; 1996.

Yen L, Edington D, Witting P. Associations between health risk appraisal scores and employee medical claims costs in a manufacturing company. Am J Health Promotion 1991;6(1):46-54.

Yen LT, Edington DW, Witting P. Prediction of prospective medical claims and absenteeism costs for 1,284 hourly workers from a manufacturing company. J Occup Med 1992;34(4):428-435.

Yen LT, Edington DW, Witting P. Corporate medical claim cost distributions and factors associated with high-cost status. J Occup Med 1994;36:505-515.

Ziegler J. America's Healthiest Companies. Business and Health December 1998;16(12):29-31.

Zwerling C, Ryan J. Pre-employment drug screening: The epidemiologic issues. J Occup Med 1992;34(6):595-599.
 

Copyright © 2003 The Health Project. All Rights Reserved.